Comprehensive information on postpartum hemorrhage (PPH):

Definition
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding (more than 500ml for vaginal delivery or 1000ml for cesarean section) within 24 hours after childbirth. It's a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide.

Causes
1. Uterine Atony: The uterus fails to contract, leading to excessive bleeding.
2. Retained Placental Tissue: Placental fragments remain in the uterus, causing bleeding.
3. Lacerations: Tears in the vagina, cervix, or uterus during delivery.
4. Placenta Accreta: The placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall.
5. *Placental Abruption*: The placenta separates from the uterus before delivery.
6. Blood Clotting Disorders: Conditions like hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.
7. Previous Uterine Surgery: Scars from previous surgeries can lead to bleeding.

Safety Precautions
1. Active Management of Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL): Administering oxytocin, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage.
2. Monitor Blood Loss: Accurately measure blood loss during and after delivery.
3. *Uterine Massage*: Regular massage to help the uterus contract.
4. Bimanual Uterine Compression: Applying pressure to the uterus to control bleeding.
5. Fluid Resuscitation: Administering fluids and blood products as needed.
6. Transvaginal Ultrasound: To check for retained placental tissue.
7. Surgical…